# Mediation in PLS-SEM

Mediation occurs when a third mediator variable intervenes between two other related constructs. More precisely, a change in the exogenous construct causes a change in the mediator variable, which, in turn, results in a change in the endogenous construct in the PLS path model. Thereby, a mediator variable governs the nature (i.e., the underlying mechanism or process) of the relationship between two constructs.

Analyzing the strength of the mediator variable’s relationships with the other constructs allows substantiating the mechanisms that underlie the cause-effect relationship between an exogenous construct and an endogenous construct. In the simplest form, the analysis considers only one mediator variable, but the path model can include a multitude of mediator variables simultaneously (i.e., multiple mediator analysis).

Hair et al. (2017) describe the systematic mediator analysis process in PLS-SEM in more detail; also see Nitzl et al. (2016) and Cepeda et al. (2017).

The following figure shows the example of a simple mediator model, whereby $${p_{3}}$$ is the direct effect, $${p_{1}·p_{2}}$$ is the indirect effect, and the direct effect $${(p_{3})}$$ + the indirect effect $${(p_{1}·p_{2})}$$ = the total effect:

To analyze a mediator model, Zhao et al. (2010) suggest a model, as shown in the following figure, which Hair et al. (2017) also propose to use for PLS-SEM:

As a result, the researcher decides with regards to the indirect effect, if mediation and what kind of mediation occurs.

Researchers also can apply the model to situations with multiple mediators as shown in the following figure:

In this figure, constructs $$M_1$$ and $$M_2$$ mediate in parallel the relationship between constructs $$Y_1$$ and $$Y_2$$. In case of an additional relationship from construct $$M_1$$ to $$M_2$$ in that figure, we would describe the situation as serial mediation (i.e, mediator $$M_2$$ follows $$M_1$$).

When considering multiple mediators, the researcher shall analyze the model that includes all relevant mediators at the same time (as, for example, shown in the above figure). For such a mediator model, one can use the before described analysis procedure as suggested by Hair et al. (2017) and Zhao et al. (2010). It also allows in a multi mediator model to analyze the total indirect effect $$({p_{1}·p_{2}}+{p_{4}·p_{5}})$$ for the total mediation via both mediators $$M_1$$ and $$M_2$$. Alternatively, the researcher can use the procedure to analyze the specific indirect effects per mediator variable (i.e., $${p_{1}·p_{2}}$$ for the $$M_1$$ mediator and $${p_{4}·p_{5}}$$ for the $$M_2$$ mediator).

# Mediation in SmartPLS

SmartPLS supports to model and analyze mediators. The following model shows the corporate reputation model example. CUSA mediates the relationships between COMP and CUSL as well as LIKE and CUSL.

In SmartPLS, the results of the PLS-SEM algorithm and the bootstrap procedure include the direct, the total indirect effect, the specific indirect effects, and the total effect. These outcomes, which are available in the SmartPLS results reports, permit conducting a mediator analysis (e.g., as suggested by Hair et al. 2017). Note that the SmartPLS results allow analyzing both single and multiple mediation models (i.e., parallel and serial mediation).